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Teaching Resources

Making an Impact

Labor education has a proud tradition in the United States, but today, very little labor history is taught in K-12 schools. Courses on business, finance, and management from the top down, having long been taught at the college level, are ever-more prevalent in high schools, but working people’s lives, labor, and organizing are often relegated to the margins of history surveys if they are discussed at all. These omissions minimize the enormous role the labor movement has played in shaping American politics, culture, and society, and it misses a tremendous opportunity to connect students’ own, family, and community experiences of work to the pasts they study in school. Thankfully, labor historians and educators in many contexts are working to address this challenge. In what follows, you’ll encounter the fruits of their efforts: lesson plans, curriculum guides, short essays, and other materials to make labor history come alive in your classroom.

Lesson Plans and Curriculum

The PATCO (Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization) Debacle

Created and Provided By Judith Ancel

Reagan PATCO, Labor History Resource Project

To the Teacher/Facilitator

I selected the PATCO strike as subject of an interactive historical exercise for a group of federal union stewards. Every year I am asked to teach 2-4 hours of history to this group, and I always use popular education techniques to do it. I searched for some curriculum on federal or at least public sector workers’ history and found nothing. However, I had recently read Joe McCartin’s book on PATCO called Collision Course, which is rich in lessons for union leaders and issues that can stimulate great debate, so I decided to develop this curriculum on PATCO.

The result is a kind of trial to find out who was responsible for the PATCO strike and subsequent debacle for labor. It involves a short video and lecture about the build up to the strike, then, dividing the group of about 30 into three groups representing PATCO and its members, Reagan and the FAA, and The AFL-CIO, ALPA, IAM and other unions. I gave each an indictment accusing them of being responsible for everything from bad leadership and recklessness (PATCO), to union busting and putting the public in danger (Reagan et al), to failure to support and failure to assess the threat (AFL-CIO et al).

Download the full teacher instructions

 

PATCO Operator In Cab January 1969, Labor History Resource Project

The handouts for participants include:

  • The seven-page The PATCO Strike Debacle; Who Was Responsible? (Download The PATCO Strike Debacle).
  • Each of the three teams should receive a pack of 45 clues. I have laid the clues out for printing on Avery 8164 labels 3⅓ x 4 inches. I recommend that you print them and stick each onto 3×5 index cards. You’ll need 135 cards. (Download the clues).
Screen Shot 2022 09 09 At 1.36.25 PM, Labor History Resource Project

You function as lecturer, facilitator and coach in this exercise, presenting the introduction and background, facilitating the trial and asking questions of the accused that others have not asked and, as the three groups prepare their defense, dropping in on them, helping with any confusion and coaching them to develop their arguments and organize themselves.

Download the full PATCO Debacle PowerPoint here.

History Sites

We've collected over 50 sites that we find will be beneficial to your research and studies. View them all.

Whobuiltamerica, Labor History Resource Project
View: Who Built America?

Just in time for a new academic year, the American Social History Project at the CUNY Graduate Center is releasing a new, expanded, and updated edition of the popular textbook Who Built America? Working People and the Nation’s History.  A beta version is now available…

Uow Mapping, Labor History Resource Project
View: CIO Unions History and Geography

The CIO transformed American labor and American politics. Defying the American Federation of Labor’s commitment to craft unionism, the Committee for Industrial Organization was established in 1935 by leaders of the United Mine Workers and other AFL unions who embraced industrial union organizing strategies.

Uow Mapping, Labor History Resource Project
View: Knights of Labor History and Geography 1869-1899

The Knights of Labor was the largest and most extensive association of workers in 19th century America. Organized in 1869, the movement grew slowly in the 1870s, then surged in the 1880s, reaching a peak membership approaching one million in 1886-1887 with Local Assemblies spread across the country in more than 5,600 cities and towns.

Frances Benjamin Johnston, photographer. Wooden Box Industry: women in work room of box factory. ca 1910. Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division.
View: Founding of the National Labor Union and the 1st National Call for a 8-Hour Work Day

The National Labor Union was founded on August 20, 1866, in Baltimore, Maryland. It was the first attempt to create a national labor group in the United States and one of their first actions was the first national call for Congress to mandate an 8-hour work day.

Labor 1, Labor History Resource Project
View: LABOR: Studies in Working-Class History

LABOR: Studies in Working-Class History is the official journal for the Labor and Working-Class History Association (LAWCHA), and is housed at the Kalmanovitz Initiative for Labor and the Working Poor at Georgetown University. A subscription to LABOR is available through membership in LAWCHA.

Sheldon Dick, photographer. Sitdown strikers in the Fisher body plant factory number three. Flint, Michigan. 1937. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division.
View: Dec. 30, 1936: First Sit-Down Strike Begins in Flint

The Flint sit-down strike, which started on Dec. 30, 1936, represented a shift in union organizing strategies from craft unionism (organizing white male skilled workers) to industrial unionism (organizing all the workers in an industry). The sit-down strike changed the balance of power between employers and workers.

Service Pnp Fsa 8c28000 8c28600 8c28670v, Labor History Resource Project
View: The Flint, Michigan, Sit-Down Strike (1936-37)

Once called “the strike heard round the world,” the first major labor dispute in the U.S. auto industry ended after General Motors signed a contract with the United Auto Workers Union on February 11, 1937.

Surveillance photos taken from the Exchange Building show the National Guard gathered at the center of Concord Street at the height of the 1948 meatpackers strike.
View: 1948 Meatpackers Strike

Many were home from war and wanted more than ever to live a long full life. Others had worked long days and nights during the war to feed the troops overseas as well as Americans on the home front. Some had migrated to the cities from farms and small towns looking for work.

President Reagan with William French Smith making a statement to the press regarding the air traffic controllers strike (PATCO) from the Rose Garden on August 3, 1981.
View: PATCO: The Strike That Changed American Labor

The Takeaway traces it all back to August 1981, when nearly 13,000 air traffic controllers went on strike creating a standoff with Ronald Reagan that ended when he fired the majority of them and de-certified their union, the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization.

Air traffic controllers picket near a fence at DFW Airport's FAA tower during the PATCO strike. Aug. 5, 1981. (Fort Worth Star-Telegram Collection)
View: The 1981 PATCO Strike

In August 1981, over 12,000 members of the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) walked off the job after contract negotiations with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) broke down.

Three miners with federal soldier prepare to surrender weapons.
View: Matewan and the Battle of Blair Mountain–WVA coal miners, 1920

What Made the Battle of Blair Mountain the Largest Labor Uprising in American History. Its legacy lives on today in the struggles faced by modern miners seeking workers’ rights

Group of striking women-shirtwaist workers in New York City, circa 1909.
View: Uprising of 20,000 (1909)

On November 23, 1909, more than 20,000 Yiddish-speaking immigrants, mostly young women in their teens and early twenties, launched an eleven-week general strike in New York’s shirtwaist industry. Dubbed the Uprising of the 20,000, it was the largest strike by women to date in American history.

Wbab, Labor History Resource Project
View: Who Built America Badges

Part of the City University of New York, the American Social History Project is a recognized leader in effective, engaging history education. Who Built America Badges for History Education is designed for Grade 7-12 teachers

Sha, Labor History Resource Project
View: The Southern Historical Association

The Southern Historical Association was organized on November 2, 1934 with the idea of promoting an “investigative rather than a memorial approach” to southern history. Its objectives are the defense of history education and historical thinking in the South; the promotion of rigorous research in southern history; the collection and preservation of the South’s historical records; and the encouragement of state and local historical societies in the South.

Lawrencestrike2, Labor History Resource Project
View: Bread and Roses Strike of 1912: Two Months in Lawrence, Massachusetts, that Changed Labor History

The Lawrence Textile Strike was a public protest mainly of immigrant workers from several countries, including Austria, Belgium, Cuba, Canada, France, England, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Scotland, Spain, Syria, and Turkey. According to the 1910 census, 65% of mill workers (many of whom eventually struck) lived in the United States for less than 10 years; 47% for less than five years.

Lawrencestrike, Labor History Resource Project
View: Lawrence History Center

Our collections are being digitized and made available through our website, OCLC WorldCat, Internet Archive, Digital Commonwealth, and the Digital Public Library of America (DPLA).

The Lawrence Textile Strike Begins 1912, Labor History Resource Project
View: Lawrence Textile Strike, 1912 – Book Resource

One of the most significant struggles for workers’ rights began on January 12, 1912, in Lawrence, Mass., when thousands of textile workers began a walkout that would come to be known as the Bread and Roses Strike, the Lawrence Textile Strike, and the Singing Strike. Read an overview and find teaching resources below.

93540268 F596 2DAB 10E3F67C41D5224B, Labor History Resource Project
View: Lowell Historical Site – National Park Service

Lowell’s water-powered textile mills catapulted the nation – including immigrant families and early female factory workers – into an uncertain new industrial era. Nearly 200 years later, the changes that began here still reverberate in our shifting global economy. Explore Lowell, a living testament to the dynamic human story of the industrial revolution.

Protests, Strikes & Rallies

Vid Postal, Labor History Resource Project
View: The Strike That Couldn’t Happen, The Great Postal Strike of March 1970

APWU remembers the Great Postal Strike of March 1970. For more background on the successful wildcat strike that earned postal workers the right to bargain collectively for better pay and benefits.

Vid Postal Apwu, Labor History Resource Project
View: March 18, 1970: Postal Workers Strike

The first mass work stoppage in the 195-year history of the Postal Service began on March 18, 1970, with a walkout of letter carriers in Brooklyn and Manhattan who were demanding better wages.

Cover Postal, Labor History Resource Project
View: In March of 1970, Postal Workers Suddenly Walked Off the Job. Even President Nixon Was Surprised.

“Wildcat” strikes, like the one that teachers used effectively in West Virginia in February/March of this year, are when union members walk off the job despite the wishes of their leadership. By definition, they are something uncontrollable and spontaneous.

Cover Postal2, Labor History Resource Project
View: The Day the Mail Stopped

The wildcat Postal strike that began on March 18, 1970 signaled the end of collective begging and the beginning of collective bargaining that raised hundreds of thousands of postal workers, craft and management, from poverty level wages to middle class wage earners.

Group of striking women-shirtwaist workers in New York City, circa 1909.
View: Uprising of 20,000 (1909)

On November 23, 1909, more than 20,000 Yiddish-speaking immigrants, mostly young women in their teens and early twenties, launched an eleven-week general strike in New York’s shirtwaist industry. Dubbed the Uprising of the 20,000, it was the largest strike by women to date in American history.

Three miners with federal soldier prepare to surrender weapons.
View: Matewan and the Battle of Blair Mountain–WVA coal miners, 1920

What Made the Battle of Blair Mountain the Largest Labor Uprising in American History. Its legacy lives on today in the struggles faced by modern miners seeking workers’ rights

Air traffic controllers picket near a fence at DFW Airport's FAA tower during the PATCO strike. Aug. 5, 1981. (Fort Worth Star-Telegram Collection)
View: The 1981 PATCO Strike

In August 1981, over 12,000 members of the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) walked off the job after contract negotiations with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) broke down.

President Reagan with William French Smith making a statement to the press regarding the air traffic controllers strike (PATCO) from the Rose Garden on August 3, 1981.
View: PATCO: The Strike That Changed American Labor

The Takeaway traces it all back to August 1981, when nearly 13,000 air traffic controllers went on strike creating a standoff with Ronald Reagan that ended when he fired the majority of them and de-certified their union, the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization.

Surveillance photos taken from the Exchange Building show the National Guard gathered at the center of Concord Street at the height of the 1948 meatpackers strike.
View: 1948 Meatpackers Strike

Many were home from war and wanted more than ever to live a long full life. Others had worked long days and nights during the war to feed the troops overseas as well as Americans on the home front. Some had migrated to the cities from farms and small towns looking for work.

Service Pnp Fsa 8c28000 8c28600 8c28670v, Labor History Resource Project
View: The Flint, Michigan, Sit-Down Strike (1936-37)

Once called “the strike heard round the world,” the first major labor dispute in the U.S. auto industry ended after General Motors signed a contract with the United Auto Workers Union on February 11, 1937.

Sheldon Dick, photographer. Sitdown strikers in the Fisher body plant factory number three. Flint, Michigan. 1937. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division.
View: Dec. 30, 1936: First Sit-Down Strike Begins in Flint

The Flint sit-down strike, which started on Dec. 30, 1936, represented a shift in union organizing strategies from craft unionism (organizing white male skilled workers) to industrial unionism (organizing all the workers in an industry). The sit-down strike changed the balance of power between employers and workers.

Labor and Working-Class History Association (LAWCHA)

Logo Sized Lawcha2, Labor History Resource Project
View: A Bibliography on Teacher Public Sector Unionism

This is the official bibliography for LAWCHA’s Teaching and Public Sector Unionism initiative. A full listing of our resources can be found on the Teaching Resources page. For an overview of teachers’ unions, see our featured article, “A Century of Teacher Organizing: What Can We…

Lawchapdf1, Labor History Resource Project
View: Workers, the World of Work, and Labor Law: A Basic Bibliography

This bibliography contains a number of titles dealing with “workers,” the “world of work” generally, and “labor law” in particular, so as to account for some of the more compelling reasons we should assiduously attend to the complex economic and moral questions (the former often…

Media Cover 00009, Labor History Resource Project
View: An Uneasy Union: Women Teachers, Organized Labor, and the Contested Ideology of Profession during the Progressive Era

In 1907, Grace Strachan, a school principal and leader of New York’s Interborough Association of Women Teachers (IAWT), explained the significance of the organized teachers’ campaign. “I don’t think any of us are working simply for our own interests,” she offered.

Logo Sized Lawcha2, Labor History Resource Project
View: Teaching Labor’s Story

A new LAWCHA initiative to develop classroom and public knowledge of labor history. Teaching Labor’s Story will be a repository of primary sources with supporting teaching guides (textual, visual, audio). Resources in the Teaching Labor’s Story repository are designed to be readily incorporated into existing…

Labor 1, Labor History Resource Project
View: LABOR: Studies in Working-Class History

LABOR: Studies in Working-Class History is the official journal for the Labor and Working-Class History Association (LAWCHA), and is housed at the Kalmanovitz Initiative for Labor and the Working Poor at Georgetown University. A subscription to LABOR is available through membership in LAWCHA.

Featured from the Library of Congress

Logo Sized Loc2, Labor History Resource Project
View: America at Work, America at Leisure: Motion Pictures from 1894 to 1915

America at Work, America at Leisure: Motion Pictures from 1894-1915 consists of 150 motion pictures, 62 of which also appear in other online collections. The majority of the films are from the Paper Print Collection, while the remainder are from the George Kleine Collection, both…

Logo Sized Loc2, Labor History Resource Project
View: America from the Great Depression to World War II: Black and White Photographs from the FSA and OWI, ca. 1935-1945

This collection of life histories consists of approximately 2,900 documents, compiled and transcribed by more than 300 writers from 24 states, working on the Folklore Project of the Federal Writers’ Project, a New Deal jobs program that was part of the U.S. Works Progress (later…

Logo Sized Loc2, Labor History Resource Project
View: Inside an American Factory: Films of the Westinghouse Works, 1904

The Westinghouse Works Collection contains 21 actuality films showing various views of Westinghouse companies. Most prominently featured are the Westinghouse Air Brake Company, the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, and the Westinghouse Machine Company. The films were intended to showcase the company’s operations. Exterior and…

Logo Sized Loc2, Labor History Resource Project
View: Prelinger Archives

Prelinger Archives was founded in 1983 by Rick Prelinger in New York City. Over the next twenty years, it grew into a collection of over 60,000 “ephemeral” (advertising, educational, industrial, and amateur) films. In 2002, the film collection was acquired by the Library of Congress,…

Logo Sized Loc2, Labor History Resource Project
View: Voices from the Dust Bowl: the Charles L. Todd and Robert Sonkin Migrant Worker Collection, 1940 to 1941

Voices from the Dust Bowl: The Charles L. Todd and Robert Sonkin Migrant Worker Collection is an online presentation of selections from a multi-format ethnographic field collection documenting the everyday life of residents of Farm Security Administration (FSA) migrant work camps in central California in…

Logo Sized Loc2, Labor History Resource Project
View: Working in Paterson: Occupational Heritage in an Urban Setting

This collection presents 470 interview excerpts and 3882 photographs from the Working in Paterson Folklife Project of the American Folklife Center at the Library of Congress. The four-month study of occupational culture in Paterson, New Jersey, was conducted in 1994. The documentary materials presented in…

Service Pnp Fsa 8c28000 8c28600 8c28670v, Labor History Resource Project
View: The Flint, Michigan, Sit-Down Strike (1936-37)

Once called “the strike heard round the world,” the first major labor dispute in the U.S. auto industry ended after General Motors signed a contract with the United Auto Workers Union on February 11, 1937.

Frances Benjamin Johnston, photographer. Wooden Box Industry: women in work room of box factory. ca 1910. Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division.
View: Founding of the National Labor Union and the 1st National Call for a 8-Hour Work Day

The National Labor Union was founded on August 20, 1866, in Baltimore, Maryland. It was the first attempt to create a national labor group in the United States and one of their first actions was the first national call for Congress to mandate an 8-hour work day.

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